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All statistical analyses were conducted using the TwoSampleMR (for extracting genetic associations where publicly available and harmonization), MendelianRandomization and MRPRESSO (for deriving MR estimates), and meta package (for assessing heterogeneity in sex differences) in R (version 4.0.1, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria)

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Altering the -carbon stereochemistry (from L to D) can make peptide analogues resistant to some enzymes while still being recognisable by others

Resting the shoulder generally eases pain

Pregnant or nursing people and caregivers considering L-carnitine for children should consult their clinician